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      What sources can tell us about the expansion of Empire

      Lesson details

      Learning outcome

      I can explain that different sources can tell us different things about the impact of the expansion of empire, which has been debated by historians.

      Key learning points

      1. Historians draw upon a range of sources and interpretations to study the expansion of the British Empire.
      2. Sources may tell us different things about the expansion of empire depending on their provenance.
      3. Some historians argue that the expansion of empire did have some positive impacts, particularly in India.
      4. Many historians criticise the British for the cruel and violent treatment of indigenous peoples in the colonies.

      Keywords

      • Interpretation - the process by which we analyse and explain past events

      • Provenance - a term used to describe a source's background; its nature, origin and purpose

      Common misconception

      All British sources on imperial expansion were positive.

      Not all British sources on imperial expansion were positive. There was nuance due to British awareness of the realities of empire. However, British sources are more likely to be positive in outlook regarding British imperial expansion.

      Teacher tip

      Help students to develop a deeper understanding of how to critically evaluate historical information and draw more informed conclusions about the past, through conveying a thorough understanding of source provenance.

      Content guidance

      Depiction or discussion of discriminatory behaviour

      Depiction or discussion of sensitive content

      Supervision

      Adult supervision recommended

      Licence

      This content is © Oak National Academy Limited (2025), licensed on Open Government Licence version 3.0
      except where otherwise stated. See Oak's terms & conditions
      (Collection 2).

      Lesson video

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      Prior knowledge starter quiz

      6 Questions

      Q1.
      Which word describes the British colony in southern Africa?

      Correct Answer: Cape Colony

      Q2.
      Which word describes a member of the Dutch population which settled in southern Africa in the late 17th century?

      Correct Answer: Boer

      Q3.
      Why did Britain invade parts of southern Africa between 1860 and 1890?

      silver and oil were discovered
      rubber and coal were discovered
      Correct answer: gold and diamonds were discovered

      Q4.
      Which of the following were tactics used by the British against the Boers?

      Correct answer: concentration camps to detain Boer civilians
      Correct answer: scorched earth policy
      rounds of negotiation talks
      Correct answer: justified their invasion using Social Darwinism
      chemical warfare

      Q5.
      Which treaty was passed in 1902 to end the Boer Wars?

      the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
      the Treaty of Paris
      the Treaty of Versailles
      Correct answer: the Treaty of Vereeniging

      Q6.
      Which of these social reforms were introduced following the Boer Wars?

      Correct answer: the provision of free and compulsory education
      the introduction of the National Health Service (NHS)
      Correct answer: the establishment of a national health insurance system
      the provision of free university tuition for all

      6 Questions

      Q1.
      Which word describes the process by which we analyse and explain past events?

      Correct Answer: interpretation

      Q2.
      Which term is used to describe a source's background?

      Correct Answer: provenance

      Q3.
      Why are contemporary cartoons useful sources for a historian studying the expansion of the British Empire?

      show popular styles of drawing at the time
      Correct answer: provide insights into the political, social and economic landscape at the time
      Correct answer: depict the activities and impacts of the empire's expansion
      show popular magazines and newspapers at the time

      Q4.
      Complete the sentence: Some historians argue that the expansion of empire did have some impacts, particularly in India.

      Correct Answer: positive

      Q5.
      Match each element of source provenance with the correct description.

      Correct Answer:nature,What type of source is it, e.g. cartoon, newspaper article, letter?

      What type of source is it, e.g. cartoon, newspaper article, letter?

      Correct Answer:origin,In what historical context was it created?

      In what historical context was it created?

      Correct Answer:purpose,Why was the source created, for what audience?

      Why was the source created, for what audience?

      Q6.
      Which of the following examples would a historian who is presenting a negative view of empire point to?

      impact on Britain culturally
      infrastructure and administrative development in the colonies
      Correct answer: long-term consequences for the colonies
      Correct answer: exploitation and mistreatment of indigenous populations

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