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      The expansion of the war into Cambodia, Laos and North Vietnam, 1969-1972

      Lesson details

      Learning outcome

      I can explain how bombing campaigns changed the war.

      Key learning points

      1. The Nixon Doctrine made the US position clear: they would support South Vietnam against communism but remove troops.
      2. Nixon engaged in official and secret negotiations to end the war.
      3. Nixon expanded the war by attacking the Ho Chi Minh Trail in neighbouring Cambodia and Laos.
      4. The US public and Congress were furious when they discovered that Nixon had expanded the war into other countries.
      5. After a large invasion from the North Vietnamese, Nixon ordered heavy bombing of North Vietnam.

      Keywords

      • Doctrine - a doctrine is a stated position of government policy, usually in foreign or military affairs

      • Negotiation - a negotiation is a discussion aimed at reaching an agreement

      • Trail - a trail is a track made by repeated passage, usually far removed from an urban setting

      Common misconception

      Negotiations are quick affairs.

      Negotiations can sometimes take place over many years before any progress is made.

      Teacher tip

      During the utility task, make it clear to students that all sources are useful to some degree: even if they don't support students' knowledge, they can tell us what people thought or perhaps why they might have distorted the truth.

      Content guidance

      Depiction or discussion of sensitive content

      Depiction or discussion of violence or suffering

      Depiction or discussion of violence or suffering

      Supervision

      Adult supervision recommended

      Licence

      This content is © Oak National Academy Limited (2025), licensed on Open Government Licence version 3.0
      except where otherwise stated. See Oak's terms & conditions
      (Collection 2).

      Lesson video

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      Prior knowledge starter quiz

      6 Questions

      Q1.
      What event at the start of 1968 significantly altered the perception of US citizens towards the Vietnam War?

      the assassination of Martin Luther King
      the assassination of Robert Kennedy
      Correct answer: the Tet Offensive
      the decision of Lyndon B. Johnson not to run for reelection

      Q2.
      Complete the sentence: Nixon claimed to have a plan to bring 'peace with ' in Vietnam.

      Correct Answer: honour, Honour

      Q3.
      What was the goal of Vietnamisation in regards to US ground troops?

      to increase in number
      Correct answer: to decrease in number
      to spend more time training
      to spend less time training

      Q4.
      By 1970, how many US troops had been withdrawn from Vietnam?

      close to 50 000
      close to 100 000
      Correct answer: close to 200 000
      close to 400 000

      Q5.
      Complete the sentence: towards the end of the war, use amongst US soldiers increased dramatically.

      Correct Answer: drug, drugs

      Q6.
      What was the problem with the training manuals for heavy equipment that the US gave to the South Vietnamese Army?

      they were for the wrong equipment
      they contained lots of mistakes
      they were never delivered
      Correct answer: they were not written in Vietnamese

      6 Questions

      Q1.
      How long had Nixon been president before announcing the Nixon Doctrine?

      1 month
      2 months
      4 months
      Correct answer: 6 months

      Q2.
      Match the keywords to the correct definitions.

      Correct Answer:doctrine,a stated position of government policy, usually in foreign affairs

      a stated position of government policy, usually in foreign affairs

      Correct Answer:negotiation,a discussion aimed at reaching an agreement

      a discussion aimed at reaching an agreement

      Correct Answer:trail,a track made by repeated passage

      a track made by repeated passage

      Q3.
      Complete the sentence: Nixon employed the ' strategy' during secret negotiations with North Vietnam.

      Correct Answer: madman

      Q4.
      Which two countries that were not at war with the US contained parts of the Ho Chi Minh Trail?

      Burma
      Correct answer: Cambodia
      China
      Correct answer: Laos
      Thailand

      Q5.
      Which city in Laos was attacked and briefly captured by the ARVN with help from US air support in 1971?

      Hanoi
      Phnom Phen
      Saigon
      Correct answer: Tchepone

      Q6.
      What was the codename given to the huge aerial bombardment of North Vietnam in response to the Easter Offensive in 1972?

      Correct Answer: Operation Linebacker, operation linebacker, Linebacker, linebacker, Operation linebacker

      To help you plan your 11 history lesson on: The expansion of the war into Cambodia, Laos and North Vietnam, 1969-1972, download all teaching resources for free and adapt to suit your pupils' needs...