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      Composing in a samba style

      Lesson details

      Learning outcome

      I can create a drumming composition in a 12/8 samba style.

      Key learning points

      1. We have composed and performed a rhythmic piece in a 12/8 samba style.
      2. A successful samba structure includes a main groove and break sections.
      3. We developed these within the structure, by adding solo improvisations.
      4. Rhythms include a simple surdo pattern which outlines the beats, and more syncopated rhythms like the son clave.
      5. The polyrhythm often includes one instrument playing the son clave or another syncopated rhythm.

      Keywords

      • 12/8 - a compound time signature with twelve quavers in a bar, grouped in threes

      • Son clave - a five note syncopated rhythm commonly used in samba, described as 3:2 or 2:3

      • Syncopation - a syncopated rhythm is one that emphasises notes in between the main beats

      • Structure - the different sections of a piece and how the piece is organised

      Common misconception

      To compose a piece, all ideas have to be unique and totally made up.

      Most successful compositions tend to borrow some ideas from pieces of a similar style and then adapt these ideas slightly.

      Teacher tip

      This lesson can be simplified by excluding the son clave section, only composing one section (the main groove), or by pupils using the suggested rhythms. Pupils could also compose a 4/4 groove. It could be extended by creating three breaks rather than one and by extending the structure.

      Equipment

      Surdos can be replaced with bass drums or floor toms. Smaller drums can be replaced with frame drums. You can also use cupped hands (bass), palm clap (tone) and full clap (slap) as an alternative.

      Licence

      This content is © Oak National Academy Limited (2026), licensed on Open Government Licence version 3.0
      except where otherwise stated. See Oak's terms & conditions
      (Collection 2).

      Lesson video

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      Prior knowledge starter quiz

      4 Questions

      Q1.
      Which beats are commonly emphasised in a samba groove?

      1 and 2
      1 and 3
      Correct answer: 2 and 4

      Q2.
      What does it mean to perform a 12/8 groove.

      there are 8 quavers in the bar
      Correct answer: there are 12 quavers in the bar
      there are 12 crotchets in the bar
      the bar is repeated 12 times

      Q3.
      What is it called when the drum is played with the tip of the beater and the beater is held slightly on the skin?

      flam
      Correct answer: mute
      accent

      Q4.
      Who signals the change of sections in a samba performance?

      Correct Answer: The sambista, The lead drummer, The leader

      4 Questions

      Q1.
      Which two of the following refer to the surdo part?

      Correct answer: it should outline the beats
      Correct answer: it should emphasise beats 2 and 4
      it should be highly syncopated
      it should play the son clave pattern

      Q2.
      Which of the following instruments often play the son clave rhythm?

      the surdo
      Correct answer: the tamborim
      Correct answer: the caixa

      Q3.
      Which instruments often play constant semiquavers in a samba ensemble?

      agogo bells
      Correct answer: ganzá
      Correct answer: caixa
      tamborim

      Q4.
      Which of the following refer to improvisation?

      Correct answer: you make it up on the spot
      you compose a fixed rhythm to be played at a fixed point in the piece
      Correct answer: you use fragments of existing rhythms and build on these in a live performance
      you play a rhythm that is given to you in exactly the same way

      To help you plan your 9 music lesson on: Composing in a samba style, download all teaching resources for free and adapt to suit your pupils' needs...