Adding detail with performance directions
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Lesson details
Learning outcome
I can analyse how performance directions add detail to a composition, and can use some of these in my own composition.
Key learning points
- Performance directions are an important aspect of a composition.
- They allow composers to precisely communicate their intentions to the performer.
- These include tempo markings, dynamics, articulation, mood terms and instrument-specific techniques.
- You can add more detail by using terms like ‘subito’ (suddenly) and ‘poco a poco’ (little by little).
Keywords
Sustain pedal - the pedal that sustains notes on a piano; its use is indicated by markings below the stave
Rubato - an Italian term indicating that a performer can change the tempo slightly to add expression
Subito - an Italian term indicating that something should happen ‘suddenly’
Poco a poco - an Italian term meaning 'little by little', indicating that something should happen gradually
Slur - a marking that means that notes should be played legato, and that shows their phrasing
Common misconception
You can only use Italian terms for performance directions.
Usually in classical styles this is the norm for aspects like tempo, dynamics and expressive terms. In some cases, however, it can be useful to describe effects in detail in English for the performer if you can't find a suitable Italian term.
Teacher tip
This composition is a useful starting point for exploring: composing for piano; impressionist composition; chromatic and non-functional harmony; extended chords; programme music; using a motif; changing clefs; changing time signatures; developing texture; pedalling.
Files needed for this lesson
Composition exemplar - solo piano fantasy (audio) 11 MB (MP3)
Composition exemplar - solo piano fantasy (score) 262 KB (PDF)
Download these files to use in the lesson.
Licence
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