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      The philosophy and beliefs of Jean-Jacques Rousseau

      Lesson details

      Learning outcome

      I can explain Rousseau's ideas about human nature and society and link them to his religious views.

      Key learning points

      1. Jean-Jacques Rousseau was an Enlightenment philosopher.
      2. Many believed his views to be radical.
      3. Rousseau's core belief was that humans are mostly good and it is society that corrupts them.
      4. He argued that humans were more civilised in their natural state than in civilisations.
      5. Rousseau believed in God and the afterlife but was Protestant and Catholic at different points in his life.

      Keywords

      • Civilisation - a society with organised communities, rules, and developed ways of living

      • Civil religion - Rousseau's idea of a set of shared beliefs that unite people, without specific religious practices

      • Jean-Jacques Rousseau - a Swiss philosopher (1712–1778) known for his political philosophy

      • Socratic questioning - a teaching style attributed to Socrates which involves asking questions

      Common misconception

      Like Hobbes, Rousseau saw the 'state of nature' as meaning without society, humans live in fear and conflict.

      Rousseau's view contrasts directly with Hobbes', he described the state of nature as a time when humans were free, equal, and lived harmoniously, not chaotic or lawless.

      Teacher tip

      Check students have an understanding of the reformation and the difference between Protestantism and Catholicism.

      Licence

      This content is © Oak National Academy Limited (2025), licensed on Open Government Licence version 3.0
      except where otherwise stated. See Oak's terms & conditions
      (Collection 2).

      Lesson video

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      Prior knowledge starter quiz

      6 Questions

      Q1.
      Hobbes' thought experiment was to imagine a world where there were no governments or ...

      Correct Answer: laws, law

      Q2.
      Hobbes asked his readers to conduct a thought experiment in ...

      Correct Answer: Leviathan, leviathan, 'leviathan', 'Leviathan'

      Q3.
      Hobbes believed that if they lived in a state of nature people would think only about ...

      each other
      their surroundings
      Correct answer: themselves

      Q4.
      Hobbes believed that unlimited freedom leads to ...

      Correct Answer: chaos, Chaos

      Q5.
      A __________ is an arrangement between two or more people or groups, where each promises to do something for the other.

      Correct answer: social contract
      thought experiment
      state of nature

      Q6.
      Hobbes believed that should have absolute authority.

      Correct Answer: sovereigns, Sovereigns

      6 Questions

      Q1.
      According to Rousseau, humans are naturally ...

      Correct answer: good
      warlike
      Correct answer: equal
      unequal
      Correct answer: peaceful

      Q2.
      Rousseau argued that corrupts humans.

      Correct Answer: civilisation, Civilisation, civilization, Civilization

      Q3.
      Complete the quotation: 'Man is born free, and everywhere he is in __________.’

      civilisation
      Correct answer: chains
      inequality
      desperation

      Q4.
      Rousseau was unlike other Enlightenment thinkers because he emphasised ...

      Correct answer: emotion
      reason
      religion
      Correct answer: natural goodness
      superstition

      Q5.
      Rousseau proposed the idea of a 'civil __________.'

      Correct answer: religion
      contract
      thought experiment
      reason

      Q6.
      questioning can be used to explore Rousseau’s view on the state of nature.

      Correct Answer: Socratic, socratic

      To help you plan your 8 religious education lesson on: The philosophy and beliefs of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, download all teaching resources for free and adapt to suit your pupils' needs...