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      Location and physical characteristics of cold environments

      Lesson details

      Learning outcome

      I can describe the location and physical characteristics of cold environments.

      Key learning points

      1. Cold environments (polar and tundra) and located at high latitudes close to the poles.
      2. Cold environments have distinctive physical characteristics.
      3. The climate influences other physical characteristics of cold environments.

      Keywords

      • Cold environments - environments found at higher latitudes and higher altitudes; they include polar, tundra and alpine biomes

      • Biome - a global land area that is characterised by its plants, animals and climate

      • Latitude - the angular distance of a place north or south of Earth's Equator

      • Tundra - a vast, flat, treeless Arctic region where vegetation growth is hindered by extreme low temperatures and short growing seasons

      • Climate - the average weather conditions of a place over a long period of time, typically 30 years or more

      Common misconception

      Cold environments receive a lot of precipitation (in this case snowfall).

      While some areas of coastal tundra does receive a substantial quantity of precipitation, in reality most cold environment regions are extremely dry, with some areas receiving less than 250 mm of precipitation per year - defining them as deserts.

      Teacher tip

      The British Antarctic Survey have produced useful layers in ArcGIS which are free to access, including "Bedmap3 - bed topography of Antarctica", which shows the land area and topography of Antarctica: what is underneath the ice sheets.

      Licence

      This content is © Oak National Academy Limited (2026), licensed on Open Government Licence version 3.0
      except where otherwise stated. See Oak's terms & conditions
      (Collection 2).

      Lesson video

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      Prior knowledge starter quiz

      6 Questions

      Q1.
      What is a cold environment?

      Any place with high temperatures
      Correct answer: A region with low temperatures, ice, and permafrost
      A tropical rainforest
      A desert with high temperatures

      Q2.
      Which of the following is a cold environment?

      The Amazon Rainforest
      The Sahara Desert
      Correct answer: The Arctic
      The Mediterranean

      Q3.
      What is permafrost?

      A type of snowfall
      Melted ice on a glacier
      A seasonal lake
      Correct answer: Permanently frozen ground

      Q4.
      What is a key characteristic of the tundra biome?

      Dense forests
      High temperatures
      Correct answer: Low biodiversity and frozen ground
      Heavy rainfall

      Q5.
      What type of precipitation is common in cold environments?

      Heavy rainfall
      Warm monsoons
      Drizzle
      Correct answer: Hail and snow

      Q6.
      What is an ice cap?

      A type of plant
      Correct answer: A permanent layer of ice covering land
      A small snowstorm
      A glacier that melts every summer

      4 Questions

      Q1.
      What are the main physical characteristics of polar regions?

      Warm summers and heavy rainfall
      Lush forests and grasslands
      Correct answer: Ice sheets, extremely low temperatures, and strong winds
      High biodiversity

      Q2.
      Cold environments are biomes found at high and/or high altitudes. They include polar, tundra and alpine biomes.

      Correct Answer: latitudes, latitude

      Q3.
      Which two continents contain large cold environments?

      Africa and Australia
      Correct answer: North America and Antarctica
      South America and Europe
      Asia and South America

      Q4.
      How much precipitation do cold environments typically receive?

      High amounts, similar to tropical rainforests
      Moderate amounts, like temperate regions
      Correct answer: Low amounts, often less than deserts
      Heavy rainfall throughout the year

      To help you plan your 10 geography lesson on: Location and physical characteristics of cold environments, download all teaching resources for free and adapt to suit your pupils' needs...