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      Durham Cathedral - historical context themes

      Lesson details

      Learning outcome

      I can recall and apply key themes from the historical context of Norman England.

      Key learning points

      1. There are three key topics making up the historical context of Norman England.
      2. 'Norman conquest and control' covers causes of the conquest, military aspects and establishing and maintaining control.
      3. 'Life under the Normans' covers feudalism and government and economic and social changes and their consequences.
      4. 'The Norman Church and monasticism' covers the Church and monasticism.

      Keywords

      • Inheritance - receiving property or other items from a parent or other after their death

      • Patronage - the support that an overlord provided to their vassal in return for homage

      • Romanesque - an architectural style inspired by the buildings of ancient Rome

      • Investiture - the ability to choose and appoint bishops and abbots

      • Vernacular - the language spoken by ordinary people in a region or country

      Common misconception

      The Anglo-Saxon Church was old-fashioned and corrupt.

      The Normans were keen to present the Anglo-Saxon Church that way, but Edward the Confessor had kept up with reforms from the rest of Europe.

      Teacher tip

      This lesson is designed to be used as a way of making links between this year's historic environment and the historical context themes of the AQA course.

      Content guidance

      Depiction or discussion of sensitive content

      Supervision

      Adult supervision recommended

      Licence

      This content is © Oak National Academy Limited (2025), licensed on Open Government Licence version 3.0
      except where otherwise stated. See Oak's terms & conditions
      (Collection 2).

      Lesson video

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      Prior knowledge starter quiz

      6 Questions

      Q1.
      Complete the sentence: The cathedral's scale and grandeur were unprecedented in England; it was built on similar proportions to St Peter’s in Rome.

      Correct Answer: Basilica

      Q2.
      Complete the sentence: Durham Cathedral is a prime example of Norman architecture, characterised by its huge proportions, thick walls and rounded arches.

      Correct Answer: Romanesque

      Q3.
      Match each architectural feature of Durham Cathedral with what it symbolises.

      Correct Answer:rounded arches,signifies grandeur and stability in Norman Romanesque style
      Correct Answer:ribbed vaults,shows innovative engineering
      Correct Answer:high ground location,symbolises Normans' power and strategic advantage
      Correct Answer:incorporation of Anglo-Saxon motifs,reflects continuity with earlier church designs and traditions

      Q4.
      Match the evidence about Durham Cathedral to whether it shows change and continuity.

      Correct Answer:change,ribbed vaulting, dual role of prince-bishop, Church leaders replaced
      Correct Answer:continuity,use of local saints, traditional church design, Anglo-Saxon motifs

      Q5.
      The Normans' innovative architectural techniques paved the way for a later architectural style, which style was this?

      Brutalism
      Neoclassical
      Correct answer: Gothic
      Bauhaus

      Q6.
      How did the location of Durham Cathedral contribute to its strategic importance?

      It was situated in a lowland area.
      It was close to major trade routes.
      Correct answer: It was built on high ground.
      It was near the Scottish border.

      6 Questions

      Q1.
      Match the terms to the correct definition.

      Correct Answer:investiture,the ability to choose and appoint bishops and abbots
      Correct Answer:patronage,support that an overlord provided to their vassal in return for homage
      Correct Answer:inheritance,receiving property or other items from a relative after their death

      Q2.
      Which word describes an architectural style inspired by the buildings of ancient Rome?

      Correct Answer: Romanesque, romanesque

      Q3.
      Which three topics does 'Norman conquest and control' cover?

      Correct answer: causes of the conquest
      feudalism and government
      Correct answer: military aspects
      monasticism
      Correct answer: maintaining control

      Q4.
      Which topics does 'Life under the Normans' cover?

      Correct answer: economic and social changes and their consequences
      the Church
      Correct answer: feudalism and government
      military aspects
      monasticism

      Q5.
      Which two of the following are not military aspects of Norman England?

      Anglo-Saxon and Norman tactics
      Correct answer: the Harrying of the North
      Correct answer: the inheritance of William II
      cavalry and castles

      Q6.
      Which of the following relate to the Church of Norman England?

      Latin usage and the vernacular
      Correct answer: Archbishop Lanfranc and reform of the English Church
      Correct answer: the Investiture Controversy
      the building of abbeys and monasteries

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