New
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Lesson 2 of 5
  • Year 11

Freedom of religion or belief: what did it look like in the past?

I can examine a historical case study and consider issues of freedom of religion and belief.

Lesson 2 of 5
New
New
  • Year 11

Freedom of religion or belief: what did it look like in the past?

I can examine a historical case study and consider issues of freedom of religion and belief.

Lesson details

Key learning points

  1. Al-Andalus was a Muslim-ruled area of the Iberian Peninsula in the 11th and 12th centuries.
  2. Under Islamic rule, Christians and Jews held Dhimmi status, which granted them some freedom to practise their religion.
  3. In the city of Córdoba there was cultural interchange between the three religions.
  4. This period ended with the Spanish reconquest in 1492. Jews and Muslims were either forced to convert or be expelled.
  5. Examining this case study can help us better understand freedom of religion or belief.

Keywords

  • Al-Andalus - the Muslim-ruled area of the Iberian Peninsula, including modern-day Gibraltar, Portugal, Spain and southern France

  • Freedom - being able to believe what you want, or not believe at all, and being respected for that choice

  • Coercion - using threats, intense pressure or violence to compel someone to change their religion or belief

  • Dhimmis - non-Muslims (mainly Christians and Jews) living under Islamic rule who were officially protected by the Muslim government

Common misconception

Muslims, Christians and Jews always lived in conflict or oppression in the past.

There was freedom of religion or belief in the Al-Andalus period and Muslims, Christians and Jews lived in relative harmony. However, Christians and Jews did not have the same rights as Muslims.


To help you plan your year 11 religious education lesson on: Freedom of religion or belief: what did it look like in the past?, download all teaching resources for free and adapt to suit your pupils' needs...

You may wish to look at examples of architecture in Cordoba. You may wish to make links with any learning in history that pupils have done looking at the history of Islam.
Teacher tip

Equipment

Content guidance

  • Depiction or discussion of discriminatory behaviour

Supervision

Adult supervision recommended

Licence

This content is © Oak National Academy Limited (2026), licensed on Open Government Licence version 3.0 except where otherwise stated. See Oak's terms & conditions (Collection 2).

Lesson video

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Prior knowledge starter quiz

5 Questions

Q1.
Article 18 is part of the United Nations of Human Rights.

Correct Answer: Declaration, declaration

Q2.
Which action is protected under Article 18?

punishing non-belief
Correct answer: changing religion
restricting choice

Q3.
People may their religion through actions.

Correct Answer: manifest, Manifest

Q4.
Can religions be criticised under freedom of religion laws?

Correct answer: yes
no
only legally

Q5.
Freedom of religion also protects beliefs.

Correct Answer: non-religious, Non-religious

Assessment exit quiz

6 Questions

Q1.
During which centuries did Al-Andalus exist?

18th–19th
5th–6th
Correct answer: 11th–12th

Q2.
Under Islamic rule, Christians and Jews had status.

Correct Answer: Dhimmi, dhimmi

Q3.
Which city was famous for religious cultural interchange?

Athens
Correct answer: Córdoba
London

Q4.
What ended Muslim rule in Spain in 1492?

The Crusades
The Reformation
Correct answer: The Spanish Reconquest

Q5.
Jews and Muslims were forced to or be expelled.

Correct Answer: convert, Convert

Q6.
Studying Al-Andalus helps us understand:

geography
Correct answer: freedom of religion and belief
to avoid history