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      The king and the Church in Norman England

      Lesson details

      Learning outcome

      I can explain the key tensions between crown and Church in Norman England.

      Key learning points

      1. The crown and the Church were separate institutions.
      2. There was a contemporary debate about royal involvement in the Church.
      3. William I and Lanfranc cooperated on Church matters.
      4. William II and Anselm argued over Church matters.
      5. Henry I and Anselm argued over investiture.

      Keywords

      • Secular - the opposite of sacred; a part of life that is not to do with the Church or religion

      • Papacy - the office of the pope and the pope's authority over the Church

      • Pallium - a vestment (piece of clothing) given by the pope to newly-appointed bishops and archbishops

      • Papal legate - the pope's personal representative, sent by the pope from Rome on a mission to another country

      • Investiture controversy - a conflict between the Church and the state in medieval Europe over the ability to select and install (invest) bishops and abbots

      Common misconception

      The controversies and conflicts between the crown and the Church were specific to Norman England.

      In fact, the controversies and conflicts between the Church and the crown happened in many kingdoms in Europe, and were more severe than in England in particular cases, especially the Holy Roman Empire.

      Teacher tip

      Start the lesson with a video clip of a recent coronation so students can discuss features of the continuing relationship between crown and Church today.

      Content guidance

      Depiction or discussion of sensitive content

      Depiction or discussion of serious crime

      Supervision

      Adult supervision required

      Licence

      This content is © Oak National Academy Limited (2025), licensed on Open Government Licence version 3.0
      except where otherwise stated. See Oak's terms & conditions
      (Collection 2).

      Lesson video

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      Prior knowledge starter quiz

      6 Questions

      Q1.
      Stigand was replaced as Archbishop of by Lanfranc.

      Correct Answer: Canterbury, canterbury

      Q2.
      At the Council of in 1070, clergy were banned from getting married.

      Correct Answer: Winchester, winchester

      Q3.
      In 1070, at the Council of Winchester, Thomas, the Archbishop of , formally recognised the primacy of Canterbury, which meant that he swore to obey Lanfranc as the head of the English Church.

      Correct Answer: York, york

      Q4.
      In 1072, __________ were introduced in dioceses.

      archdeacons
      archbishops
      Correct answer: prelates
      monasteries

      Q5.
      William I allowed hardly any Anglo-Saxon prelates to remain in their positions; by , only one Anglo-Saxon bishop remained.

      Correct Answer: 1080

      Q6.
      As part of William's reforms to the Church, he ruled that all legal cases involving clergy should be heard in courts.

      Correct Answer: Church, church

      6 Questions

      Q1.
      The head of the Christian Church in the medieval period was the...

      Correct Answer: pope, Pope

      Q2.
      Which statement is correct?

      Correct answer: The pope supported William's reforms to the Church in England.
      The pope opposed William's reforms to the Church in England.
      The pope ignored William's reforms to the Church in England.

      Q3.
      What did William I refuse to do, damaging his relationship with the pope?

      Correct answer: Travel to Rome and 'do fealty'
      Phe Petr's Pence tax
      Give archbishops a pallium

      Q4.
      What motivated William II to leave important Church positions unfilled?

      Correct answer: Reasons to do with money
      Religious reasons
      Political reasons

      Q5.
      Which statement best describes William II's relationship with Anselm?

      Correct answer: He appointed him as Archbishop of Canterbury but later tried to remove him.
      He removed him as Archbishop of Canterbury when he became king.
      He appointed him as Archbishop of Canterbury and worked well with him.

      Q6.
      A compromise over investiture was reached in 1107 with the Concordat of...

      Correct Answer: London, london

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